TELEVISION HISTORY
John Logie Baird (1888-1946), the Scotsman who was the first person in the world to demonstrate a working television system, in January 1926. This was a viable system using mechanical picture scanning, with electronic amplification at the transmitter and at the receiver. It could be sent over ordinary telephone lines and by radio, leading to an historic transmission of television from London to New York in February 1928.
This site provides information not only on J.L.Baird and his life work, but also on other pioneers of television and on the development of the television industry down to the present day. The NEWS section is on recent events, anniversaries, publications etc. concerning Baird. The CONTENTS section gives access to a gallery of longer articles, some of which go back as far as the 1920s. At the end of the CONTENTS section there are LINKS to other websites on television history.
Updates are made to the site every few months by its creators Iain L.Baird and Malcolm H.I.Baird who are, respectively, the grandson and the son of J.L.Baird.
What's new at Bairdtelevision.com?
(Last updated September 2nd, 2009)
What did John Logie Baird really do in World War II?
by Malcolm Baird
On September 3rd 2009, it will be 70 years since Britain entered world War II. It is an appropriate time to remember J.L.Baird’s research during the war years.
One of several myths that have grown up around Baird is that after the defeat of his company for the BBC high definition camera contract in 1937, he did no further research on television. A widely advertised American book1 contains the following passage:
"...[Baird] tried to get involved in war work, in particular with radar, but the world had passed him by; the government offered him nothing. He tried to conduct research in his own home, but it was impossible under wartime conditions. Mainly he just tried to hold on until the war was over."
This is very far from the truth. Although Baird’s involvement with radar in World War II is still a grey area, he did extensive research on television between 1939 and 1946. Baird’s television research is well documented in 28 patents, as well as articles and reports of demonstrations. This short article is an overview of details which have been published2,3 or are about to be published4 in several major books.
After the defeat of Baird television Ltd. in January 1937 in the competition for the BBC camera contract, the company stayed in business as a leading manufacturer of receivers. Baird continued his research on colour television. In February 1938 he demonstrated large-screen colour projection television at the Dominion cinema in London, to an audience of three thousand.5
In September 1939 the UK declared war on Germany; all British television broadcasting was shut down and Baird Television Ltd. went into receivership because there was no market for television sets. However Baird himself continued with his television research, drawing on his personal savings. His activities were centred at his small laboratory adjoining his house at 3 Crescent Wood Road, about a mile from the Crystal Palace site, with one full-time assistant, Edward Anderson. Baird would take occasional short breaks to visit his family who had moved to the far west coast of England to escape the bombing.
Colour television and the "Telechrome" tube
Baird developed a system of high-definition colour television in which the subject was scanned by a rapidly moving spot of light projected from a small but very powerful cathode ray tube. A patent was applied for in October 19406 and the first public demonstration was given in December 1940.7 In front of the tube there was a rotating transparent wheel containing two coloured segments, one tinted in blue-green and the other in orange-red. The reflected light from the scanning spot was picked up by colour-sensitive photocells. Each turn of the wheel gave one picture in each colour. The process was repeated at the receiving end (Figure 1).
The rapid repetition of the blue-green and orange-red images gave the viewer a blended colour image. In a later version of this "field-sequential" system, the three primary colours (red, blue and green) were incorporated in the colour wheel. This system was patented by Baird8 and a short technical paper was published showing a colour photograph of an image. A somewhat similar system was developed independently in the USA by Dr. Peter C. Goldmark of CBS; this system was accepted in the USA for a short time in the early 1950s as the standard for colour television.
The colour wheel made an historic comeback in 1969 when it was used in the lightweight cameras developed by Westinghouse for the NASA moon landing.9 One of the prototype NASA cameras has recently been acquired by the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh. The colour wheel is still being used today, on a miniature scale, in digital light projection (DLP) television sets.
In 1942-1944, Baird developed the world’s first colour cathode ray tube, christened "the Telechrome". It had no mechanical moving parts and in its original form (Figure 2) it contained a special semi- transparent screen with differently coloured phosphors (blue-green and orange-red) on each side. Two streams of electrons hit the screen from opposite sides and thereby produced two superimposed pictures which were blended in the eye of the viewer to give colour. A later version employed the three primary colours red, blue and green. Patent coverage was obtained10 and I can remember seeing high quality colour pictures in the Sydenham laboratory in the autumn of 1945. This early work was acknowledged as "prior art" by RCA in their later development of all-electronic colour television which replaced the partly mechanical CBS system in the USA in 1953.
The only known surviving example of a Telechrome tube is in the Television collection of the National Media Museum in Bradford, UK.
3-D television and volumetric imaging
After the demonstration of high definition colour television in 1940, Baird’s attention moved to three dimensional television. The principal behind the simplest form of 3-D television is that human eyes give two slightly different viewpoints through which the brain is able to perceive depth. Baird used this same principal in his patent for high definition three dimensional television which is sketched in Figure 3. The two different views were transmitted in rapid alternating sequence by means of a series of oscillating mirrors and rotating shutters; the wearing of polarized glasses by the viewer made it easier for him/her to receive the appropriate image in each eye. The system was demonstrated to the press in December 194111 and described in the technical literature.12 A vivid first-hand account of the 1941 demonstration has been provided by Dr.Richard B.Head.13 In March 2008, 67 years later, the BBC demonstrated a large-screen 3-D broadcast of a rugby match in Scotland with an audience in London, wearing special polarized viewing glasses.14
From 1942 onwards, Baird was occupied with true 3-dimensional (volumetric) imaging which did not depend on creating the illusion of depth from 2-dimensional images. At the camera end, the subject was scanned by a moving spot of light that was picked up by photocells carefully situated to receive the reflection from the subject at different angles, with depth (or range) being perceived by the reduction of the intensity of the reflected light according to the inverse square law. At the receiving end, the depth effect was achieved by moving the viewing screen normal to its plane, according to the depth of the image. The viewer could look around the image from different angles, without the need for special viewing glasses. A name suggested by Baird for his system was "the Phantoscope".
A full description would be too long for this short article, but details are given by Dr.Douglas Brown.4 Baird became ill soon after his volumetric imaging patent15 was finally accepted in November 1945, so it was never publicized. It was far ahead of its time.
High speed transmission of images (fast facsimile)
Late in 1940 it occurred to Baird that television might be used for the very rapid transmission of a sequence of different images such as pages in a report including maps or diagrams. Such messages would be unintelligible to enemy monitors who were trained to listen for messages in voice or in Morse code. Notations in Baird's diary for November 18 and 19 1940 mention "secret signalling" and he appears to have discussed the idea with his friend and former colleague, Major Archie Church.
In the summer of 1941 Baird was in a country hospital at Tempsford, Bedfordshire, recuperating from a heart attack that he had sustained on May 13th. He took a day off from his health cure to travel into London on July 30th for a lunch meeting with Sir Edward Wilshaw, Managing Director of Cable and Wireless, and his fellow-director Admiral H.W.Grant. The discussions centred around the need to extend and improve the company’s network of communications. Later in 1941 Baird was appointed Consulting Engineer to Cable and Wireless at an annual fee of £1000. This appears to have been the only outside income that Baird received between 1939 and 1944 and he was deeply grateful.
The outcome was a system whereby a series of still images were photographed on cine film, one frame at a time; the film was then rapidly developed, fixed and scanned at 25 frames per second. The rapid succession of images was transmitted over short wave as a television signal. The received images were then photographed back on to cine film which was rapidly processed , so that it could be printed and studied at leisure. Figure 4 shows Baird standing next to the receiving apparatus.
As matters turned out, Cable and Wireless had only a few high-power short wave transmitters available, and they were not willing to assign one of them to Baird’s project which was considered to be merely experimental.16 No patents were taken out, either by Cable and Wireless or by Baird himself. However, permission was given to release details to the press and a demonstration was given by Baird on August 16, 1944. On the following day he was quoted in the Glasgow Herald: "The instrument makes an international newspaper seem probable. A whole newspaper could be transmitted about the world in a matter of seconds."
Nothing more was heard on this until the autumn of 1948, two years after Baird’s death. The American communications industry had evidently found out about Baird's work and had shown far more interest in it than Cable and Wireless. A system dubbed "Ultrafax" was demonstrated by RCA and Eastman Kodak at the Library of Congress in Washington17 and later reported in a technical journal.18 David Sarnoff of RCA claimed his company’s credit for this invention without making any mention of Baird. He boasted that it was the communications equivalent of "splitting the atom".19 It was suggested that rapid Ultrafax communications could be sent via television channels outside regular broadcasting hours.
Large screen television receivers
In 1944 the end of the war was in sight and Baird obtained financing for a new company which was called John Logie Baird Limited. The main product was to be high-quality television receivers and in particular large screen receivers. To this end, Baird designed an exceptionally large cathode ray tube with a 28 inch screen. In the 1940s, conventional conical cathode ray tubes could not be made in such a large size without considerable risk of implosion. Baird conceived the idea of replacing the conical shape by the more mechanically stable spherical shape; large spherical glass vacuum bulbs were commercially available from the Hewittic Company, a manufacturer of mercury arc rectifiers. The phosphorescent screen was introduced into the bulb by Baird's part-time glassblower Arthur Johnson, using an ingenious insertion method similar to the making of "a ship in a bottle".20 This device was patented21 and one prototype set, known as "The Grosvenor" was built. It was set up at the Savoy Hotel to receive the BBC television broadcast of the Victory Parade on June 8 1946. Baird was not present as he was confined to his bed at home in Bexhill. He died in his sleep a few days later, on June 14 1946.
Summary of Conclusions
John Logie Baird's television research during World War II was highly productive. Although it received little publicity at the time, it was taken up by other companies including RCA in the United States. Baird's spinning colour wheel was part of the design of the special NASA colour camera which televised the moon landing in 1969 and it is also a feature of digital light projection (DLP) television. Modern 3D television, using polarized glasses, can be traced back to the work of Baird over 60 years ago.
Acknowledgment
Figures 1 to 3 were prepared by Robert Britton from original patent drawings, and appeared in reference 3. The picture in Figure 4 is from the collection at the Hastings Museum and Art Gallery.
References
2 R.Burns, "John Logie Baird; television pioneer", London, UK: History of Technology Series, No.28, IEE, 2000.
3 A.Kamm and M.Baird, "John Logie Baird: a life", Edinburgh, UK: NMS Publishing, 2002
4 D.Brown, "Images Across Space", London, UK: Middlesex University Press, in press for summer 2009.
5 Ref.3, p.307.
6 J.L.Baird, "Improvements in Colour Television Apparatus", UK Patent 545,603, applied for Oct.23 1940, accepted Jun 4. 1942.
7 Anon., "Progress in Colour Television – Mr.Baird’s Achievement", The Times, Dec. 21 1940.
8 J.L.Baird, "Improvements in Television Apparatus", UK Patent 545,078, applied for Sept.7 1940, accepted May 11 1942.
9 http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/WEC-News-Release-690516.pdf
10 J.L.Baird, "Improvements in Colour Television" UK Patent 562,168, applied for July 25 1942, accepted Jun. 21 1944.
11 Anon. "New Progress In Television -- Mr. Baird's Invention" The Times, Dec. 19 1941.
12 J.L.Baird.,"Stereoscopic Television" Electronic Engineering, pp.620-621, February 1942.
13 R.B.Head, "Baird’s Stereoscopic Colour Television in 1941" Brit. Vintage Wireless Soc. Bull., vol.22 no.3, pp. 38-39 (1997).
14 G.Smith, "Time to raise your glasses for the England horror picture show", The Times, p.88 (sports), Mar.11 2008.
15 J.L.Baird, "Improvements in Television", UK Patent 573,008, applied for Aug.26 1943 to Feb.9 1944, accepted Nov. 1 1945.
16 Sir Edward Wilshaw, letter to S.A.Moseley , August 7 1951, quoted in S.A. Moseley, "John Baird", London UK: Odhams Press, 1952.
17 T.R.Kennedy, "Novel Copied, Sent by Air in 2 minutes … Electronic-Photographic Device Hailed by Sarnoff of RCA as Great Milestone" New York Times, p.27, Oct. 22 1948.
18 Anon., "Ultrafax", Electronics, vol.22, no.1, pp.76-77, 1949.
19Anon, "Science: The flying words", Time, Nov. 1 1948.
20 D.Brown and M.Baird, “John Logie Baird’s Last Projects”, Brit. Vintage Wireless Soc. Bull., vol.33, no.4, pp. , 43- 46, 2008.
21 J.L.Baird, "Screens for Television Tubes", UK Patent 579,482, applied for Apr.28 1945 , accepted Aug. 6 1946.
* Beyond the Surface; The story of A H Sommer the Father of Photoelectricity is under production by Richard and Ketty Tomes and further information will be released as it becomes available. Alfred Sommer joined Baird Television Ltd. in 1935 after having fled from Germany.
John Logie Baird's Last Projects
Click above to read Douglas Brown and Malcolm Baird's recent article in the British Vintage Wireless Society Bulletin about the projects that occupied J.L. Baird in the last few months of his life. They included projection television for cinemas, and 28-inch cathode ray tube receivers, producing TV pictures which were far larger than anything else available at the time.
John Logie Baird Awards
The John Logie Baird Awards for Innovation were relaunched on June 10th at a public event in the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh. The programme had originally been started in 1988, Baird’s centennial year, but for financial reasons it was closed in 2002. The relaunch has been organized by the GO Group, based in Glasgow. They have have secured several major partners. The keynote speaker at the relaunch event was Iain Logie Baird, curator of television at the National Media Museum in Bradford. He talked about the difficulties faced by his grandfather in the early days of television and he called for a more encouraging attitude towards innovators, on the part of the business and investment community. On December 10, 2008 Malcolm and Jean Baird were guests at a gala dinner in Glasgow where winners in 6 categories were each presented with awards.
Details of the awards are to be found on the website: http://www.johnlogiebairdawards.co.uk
Anniversaries in 2009:
80th: On September 30th 1929 the BBC began experimental television broadcasts using the Baird 30 line system. The studio was at the Baird Television Company office in 133 Long Acre. Programmes were sent out via the BBC’s regular medium wave channel, using the Baird 30-line system. The experimental broadcasts were continued until 1935.
70th: On September 1 1939, two days before Britain declared war on Germany, the BBC was ordered to shut down its television service. Television set manufacturers including Baird Television Ltd., went out of business. However, Baird continued his research at his own expense, working on TV in colour, 3 dimensions, and large screen displays. For more detail, see.the new gallery item above: What did John Logie Baird really do in World War II?
65th: In August 1944, Baird introduced his “Telechrome” cathode ray tube for showing colour television. It was the first colour cathode ray tube in the world.
50th: In September 1959 The John Baird pub was opened at Muswell Hill, near Alexandra Palace, site of the BBC’s first high definition transmitter. This was the first of 4 pubs to be named after JLB (see Gallery, “Down the pub with John Logie Baird”).
Book Reviews by Malcolm Baird
Reviews of recent books about John Reith(2007) and Leonard Frank Plugge(2008), and a technical book on three-dimensional imaging are obtainable through links shown in the Gallery.
Large Screen 3D TV from the BBC and Sky after 64 years
Recently a Scotland vs. England rugby match was shown on large-screen 3D television at the old Riverside Studios in Hammersmith, West London. As reported in the sports section of The Times of March 11 2008, the viewing audience wore special polarized glasses to get the 3D effect. In his jokey style the reporter seemed to say that the show was impressive. More recently, the Daily Mail of December 19 2008 reported that Sky Television will soon be introducing its 3D programmes.
This technology was first developed and patented by John Logie Baird in World War II at his private laboratory in London, while the German bombs were falling. A full-page description of Baird's 3D television appeared in the Illustrated London News on May 9th 1942. In his 1944 testimony to Lord Hankey’s commission on postwar television development, Baird had recommended the early use of 3D technology in broadcast programmes. Baird’s recommendation has been followed after 64 years, which seems like quite a long time to wait.
Images Across Space – a new book on television history coming soon
The author of Images Across Space, Dr.Douglas Brown, is Director of the Strathclyde Science and Technology Forum at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow, Scotland. His book is based on extensive research over the past 20 years and it covers not only the work of John Logie Baird but also the many other television pioneers including Rosing, Dieckmann, Campbell-Swinton, von Ardenne, Zworykin and Farnsworth. Coverage also includes the competition in 1934-36 between Marconi-EMI and Baird Television Ltd.(BTL) for the contract for the BBC television system. Although BTL lost the competition, the company’s research on electronic television (for example by Constantin Szhego and Dr. Alfred Sommer) had considerable impact on the British war effort in World War II, and on television developments in the USA. Much of this information has not hitherto been published. The book contains a full listing of television patents by J.L.Baird and by BTL. Publication is expected soon, through Middlesex University Technical Resources.
Baird Court in Bexhill-on-Sea
Despite local protests, the house where John Logie Baird died in June 1946 has been demolished to make way for a block of modern flats. However, the new development by Laing Homes is to be known as Baird Court, and its architectural style (at left) is modeled on that of the original house. An article by Malcolm Baird on his father’s last 18 months in Bexhill has been added to the Gallery.
Recent books on people in J.L. Baird’s circle
John Logie Baird was a public figure during the second half of his life and his circle included many interesting people who were also public figures. Several of these are mentioned in recently published books which are noted below.
Kew Edwin Shelley (1894-1964)
Mr.Shelley was a London barrister who helped Baird to form a new television company in 1944 and later became co-executor of his estate. Shelley was a paternal grandson of Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee (1844-1906) who had been the first president of the Indian National Congress. In 1921 Shelley had changed his surname from Bonnerjee by deed poll. His background is detailed in Family History, by Janaki Agnes Penelope Majumdar (edited by Antoinette Burton, published 2003, Oxford University Press). In her memoir, written in 1935, Mrs.Majumdar provides a personal account of two distinguished anglophile Indian families.
William Le Queux (1869-1927)
Le Queux was a phenomenally successful spy story writer of the early 20th century and his writings are said to have led to the formation of MI5. He was living in Hastings while Baird was doing his early television experiments and he gave moral (but not financial) encouragement. A detailed biography, William Le Queux, Master of Mystery, has been written by Chris Patrick and Stephen Baister and privately published by them in 2007.
John C.W.Reith, (1889-1971)
Sir John Reith was Director General of the BBC while Baird and his company were trying to convince the BBC to broadcast television. In a new memoir entitled My father, Reith of the BBC,(2006, St.Andrew Press, Edinburgh), Marista Leishman provides a unique view of her father’s prickly and eccentric personality, against the backdrop of his public achievements and eventual elevation to the peerage. This book confirms that Reith did not like television, though his personal relationship with Baird was not as bad as has sometimes been alleged.
Leonard Frank Plugge (1889-1981)
Mr. Plugge was a pioneer of commercial radio broadcasting to the UK in the 1920s and 1930s, when such programmes were transmitted from continental Europe for legal reasons. He first met Baird in the Hastings days and they met frequently in London during World War II, when Plugge was an M.P. and chairman of the Parliamentary Scientific Committee. A biography of Plugge entitled: And the World Listened -- Leonard Frank Plugge, by Keith Wallis, (Kelly Books, UK) appeared in March 2008 and a review is given on this website. (see above)
John Logie Baird: a life
hardback * c. 450 pages * 70 b/w illustrations
...a meticulously researched story based on first hand interviews and quoting many new documentary sources, some of which have only recently become available. At long last we have a book that sounds and feels like the truth about the man who was the first in the world to demonstrate working television (Michael Bennett-Levy, 2002)...click here for the rest of the review
"Kamm and Baird, the latter the inventor's son, paint a strikingly clear portrait of the inventor who started it all." (Russell A Potter, The Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television (US) 2004)
Read the full text of the JLB promotional brochure here
The National Library of Scotland in Edinburgh has recently acquired a large collection of research information used in the writing of the above book by Antony Kamm and Malcolm Baird. The Accession Number is 17274. The above book is the basis of a new feature film on John Logie Baird, currently under development.
Television and Me: The Memoirs of John Logie Baird
paperback * c. 160 pages * heavily illustrated
The autobiography of John Logie Baird. A new version of his memoirs, only published previously as a specialist monograph, are written with blunt candour and caustic wit. His memoirs cover the wild escapades of his early business career and the dramatic pioneering days of his scientific work.
"Television and Me" was named Critic's choice, Scottish book of the year 2004.
Excerpt: Baird's Story is Pick of the Best
(Scottish Daily Mail, Jan. 7th, 2005) by Tom Kyle
It is rare indeed to find a book of real literary, scientific and historical importance.
So the appearance in the spring of the little-known and almost unpublished, autobiography of the most influential Scot who ever lived was the most significant publishing event of the year. Television and Me: The Memoirs of John Logie Baird ... was living proof that the best books need not always be the most lavish or expensive.
Baird tells his own story - from his Helensburgh boyhood to the great and precarious days when the first television pictures were transmitted, to his ultimate betrayal by the BBC - with a caustic turn of phrase and a self-deprecating wit.
His memoir is a fabulous distillation of all the joy and bitterness, hurt and humour of an extraordinary man. I said at the time I doubted there would be a better written, more interesting or more important book published in 2004. I see no reason to revise that opinion now.
The Scots Magazine, September 2004
"...Baird was not given the recognition which was his by right during his lifetime."
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THE X-FILES II: I WANT TO BELIEVE
Sun, 27 September, 9pm
Mulder (David Duchovny) and Scully (Gillian Anderson) are called back to duty by the FBI when a former priest claims to be receiving psychic visions pertaining to a kidnapped agent.
Click here for info and schedule.
A WOMAN'S TOUCH
THE WOMEN premieres on Sun, 13 September, 9pm
MEG RYAN proves girls just want to have fun in the all-female comedy THE WOMEN.
Click here to read the interview
SURROGATES
Host Dominic Lau gets the inside scoop on SURROGATES, the sci-fi thriller based on the popular comic series by Robert Venditti.
Click here to watch past episodes online
THE HOTTIE AND THE NOTTIE
In order to date the beautiful Cristabel (Paris Hilton), Nate (Joel Moore) must transform her dowdy best friend (Christine Lakin) into a Greek goddess.
Click here for info and schedule
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